5)Īccording to WHO, there are four types of violence: physical, sexual, psychological, and neglectful.( Krug et al., 2002) While police officers are empowered to use force, they should use the minimal amount of force needed to “control an incident, effect an arrest, or protect themselves or others from harm or death.”( The National Institute of Justice, 2012) ( Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002, p. “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.” The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies police brutality as a form of violence, and defines violence itself as: War on Drugs policing has failed in its stated goal of reducing domestic street-level drug activity: the cost of drugs on the street remains low and drugs remain widely available.( Baum, 1996 Bertram, Blachman, Sharpe, & Andreas, 1996 Gray, 2010 Tonry, 1994a) Evaluations of specific tactics, such as raids on crack houses and crackdowns, suggest that their effects on drug availability are minimal, decay rapidly, and may displace drug activity to other areas and increase drug-related violence.( Benson, Rasmussen, & Sollars, 1995 Sherman, 1990 Sherman et al., 1995 Werb et al., 2011) A large body of research, however, has identified significant unintended, negative consequences of the War on Drugs’ policing strategies for the public’s health, including increased risk of HIV transmission.( Cooper, Moore, Gruskin, & Krieger, 2005 Kerr, Small, & Wood, 2005 Maher & Dixon, 1999) 1 This paper seeks to expand this body of work by exploring the interconnections between specific War on Drugs policing strategies and police-related violence against Black adolescents and adults in the US, a topic that has received little attention thus far.
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